Aug 17, 2025 | Healthy Tips
Cervical Cancer
Temitope Adebayo
M.Sc. Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology | Microbiologist | Research Assistant | Biotech Enthusiast
Introduction
Cervical cancer is a malignant tumour arising from the cells of the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. According to global estimates, cervical cancer caused approximately 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths in 2020 (WHO, 2022).
Recent years have seen intensified efforts toward elimination. In June 2025, global leaders convened at the second Global Cervical Cancer Elimination Forum in Bali, reaffirming commitments to the WHO’s 90-70-90 targets: 90% HPV vaccination by age 15, 70% screening by ages 35 and 45, and 90% treatment of detected cases. Early detection and prevention are crucial, as the disease is highly preventable and treatable when found in its early stages.
Anatomy and Function of the Cervix
The cervix serves as the gateway between the uterus and vagina. It plays an important role during menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth. It also produces mucus that changes consistency during the menstrual cycle to either facilitate or block sperm entry.
Causes and Risk Factors
The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV types 16 and 18, which together account for about 70% of cases (Arbyn et al., 2020). Other risk factors include early onset of sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, smoking, prolonged use of oral contraceptives, a weakened immune system (e.g., HIV infection), and a family history of cervical cancer (CDC, 2023)
Pathophysiology
HPV infects the epithelial cells of the cervix, integrating its DNA into the host genome. This disrupts normal cell cycle control, leading to the production of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, which inactivate tumour suppressor proteins p53 and Rb. Over time, infected cells may progress from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to invasive carcinoma (Bhatla & Singhal, 2020).
Signs and Symptoms
In its early stages, cervical cancer often produces no noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, common signs may include abnormal vaginal bleeding (after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause), foul-smelling vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and pain during sexual intercourse (WHO, 2022).
Screening and Diagnosis
Routine screening is critical for detecting precancerous changes. Common methods include:
- Pap smear: Detects abnormal cervical cells.
- HPV DNA testing: Identifies high-risk HPV strains.
- Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA): Used in low-resource settings.
If abnormalities are detected, colposcopy and biopsy are performed for confirmation (Koh et al., 2019).
Staging of Cervical Cancer
The FIGO (International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics) staging system classifies cervical cancer based on tumour size, spread to lymph nodes, and metastasis. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment plan (Bhatla & Singhal, 2020).
Treatment Options
- Treatment depends on the stage:
- Early-stage: Surgical removal (conisation, hysterectomy).
- Locally advanced: Radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy.
- Advanced stage: Palliative care, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy may be considered (Koh et al., 2019).
Prevention
The most effective preventive measures include:
HPV vaccination: Recommended for girls (and boys) before sexual debut, typically between ages 9 and 14.
Safe sexual practices: Limiting the number of partners and using condoms.
Regular screening: Even vaccinated women should be screened, as vaccines do not cover all HPV strains (WHO, 2022).
Global and Regional Statistics
Cervical cancer remains a major public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia, and parts of Latin America, where screening programmes are less accessible. The WHO aims to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem by achieving 90% HPV vaccination coverage, 70% screening coverage, and 90% treatment for detected disease by 2030 (WHO, 2020).
Challenges in Management
Barriers include limited access to vaccines, screening facilities, and cancer treatment centres in low-resource settings. Cultural beliefs, stigma, and lack of awareness also reduce participation in preventive programmes (Arbyn et al., 2020).
Conclusion
Cervical cancer is both preventable and treatable, yet it continues to claim hundreds of thousands of lives each year. Strengthening HPV vaccination programmes, ensuring regular screening, and improving access to treatment are essential steps toward elimination. Awareness and education remain powerful tools in this fight.
References
1. Arbyn, M., et al. (2020). Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis. *The Lancet Global Health*, 8(2), e191–e203.
- Bhatla, N., & Singhal, S. (2020). Primary management of cervical cancer: Society of Gynaecologic Oncology consensus guidelines. *Gynaecologic Oncology*, 157(3), 481–493.
3. CDC. (2023). Cervical Cancer. Retrieved from [https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical](https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical)
4. Koh, W.-J., et al. (2019). Cervical Cancer, Version 3.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. *Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network*, 17(1), 64–84.
- WHO. (2020). Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. World Health Organisation.
6. WHO. (2022). Cervical Cancer Fact Sheet. Retrieved from [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer] (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer)
May 31, 2025 | Healthy Tips
Every year on May 31, the world observes World No Tobacco Day (WNTD), a global initiative led by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to raise awareness about the dangers of tobacco use and advocate for stronger policies to reduce its consumption. This year’s theme, “Unmasking the Appeal”, focuses on the deceptive strategies employed by the tobacco and nicotine industries to attract new users, particularly young people.
As a leading non-communicable diseases (NCDs) support organisation based in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) stands with the global community in amplifying the call for tobacco control, public health protection, and policy enforcement.
The global tobacco epidemic is a formidable threat, claiming over 8 million lives annually worldwide. Of these, more than 7 million deaths are a direct result of tobacco use, while an alarming 1.3 million deaths are due to non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. This exposure is a critical concern for ROHSI, as it also significantly increases the risk of NCDs in non-smokers.
In Nigeria, the situation is alarming:
- 3.4 million Nigerians (2.9% of adults aged 15+) smoke tobacco (2022 data).
- Male smokers (5.4%) far outnumber female smokers (0.4%).
- Tobacco-related diseases – cancer, heart disease, respiratory illnesses, and stroke – place a heavy burden on Nigeria’s healthcare system.
- Economic losses from tobacco-related illnesses and productivity decline further strain families and the nation.
While reports, such as one from the Tribune newspaper, suggest higher smoking prevalence in some northern states, ROHSI emphasises that tobacco use and its link to NCDs is a pressing issue across all regions, including Oyo State.
At ROHSI, we see firsthand the devastating impact of tobacco on individuals and families affected by NCDs here in Ibadan and across Nigeria.
This World No Tobacco Day, under the theme ‘Unmasking the appeal’, we urge a united front to expose the tobacco industry’s tactics that endanger our youth and perpetuate the cycle of NCDs. The first and most crucial step towards a healthier life, free from the threat of many NCDs, is to say NO to tobacco.
ROHSI encourages every Nigerian to reflect on the popular calls to action: “Breathe clean, live green. Quit tobacco today.”
The ROHSI team challenges every individual in Ibadan, Oyo State, and throughout Nigeria to consider making this powerful pledge: “Today, I am pledging to quit all forms of tobacco and nicotine, including cigarettes, smokeless tobacco products, heated tobacco products, e-cigarettes, nicotine pouches, shisha, and other harmful products, for my health and the health of my community.”
Join us in educating others on the dangers of tobacco and industry tactics, support smoke-free policies in workplaces, schools, and public spaces, advocate for stronger tobacco control laws in Nigeria, and help promote cessation programmes through counselling and support.
Together, we can unmask the truth and build a healthier, tobacco-free Nigeria!
About ROHSI:
Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) is a Nigerian non-profit organisation based in Ibadan, Oyo State, dedicated to combating non-communicable diseases (NCDs) through awareness, advocacy, and community support programmes.
#NoTobacco #TobaccoFreeGeneration #PublicHealth #WHO_Africa #WorldNoTobaccoDay #ROHSI3 #Nigeria #Africa #Ibadan #NCDs #WHO_Nigeria #WHO_Africa #WHO #TobaccoFree #QuitSmoking #HealthForAll #NNNGO #NCDAlliance #TobaccoFreeNigeria #HealthForAll #FMoH #NPHCDA #NIgerian
Dec 29, 2024 | Healthy Tips
Dear ROHSI Community,
As we embark on a new year, let’s prioritise our health. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and high cholesterol are often called “silent killers” because they can develop without noticeable symptoms.
In 2025, we want us all to see the reason why adopting healthy living matters:
Going for early medical screening/detection saves lives: You going for your regular medical checkups is crucial for early detection and management of NCDs, especially hypertension, diabetes, and others.
It helps in adopting preventative measures! Adopting a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce your risk of developing or worsening these conditions.
Improved Quality of Life! Healthy habits lead to increased energy levels, better sleep, and an overall improved quality of life.
What are the steps to a healthier 2025?
Healthy eating! Focus on a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. Limit processed foods, sugary drinks, and excessive salt intake.
Regular Exercise! Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise most days of the week. You can start with 30 minutes and, with time, increase it to more minutes.
Maintain a Healthy Weight! If you are overweight or obese, consult a healthcare professional for personalised advice on weight management.
Manage your stress! Practicing stress-reducing techniques like meditation, yoga, or spending time in nature, or taking your mind off those activities that can lead to stress, will go a long way in making you healthy.
Regular Checkups! Seat with your medical team, schedule, and attend regular medical checkups, including blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol screenings, among other recommended tests. All towards your wellness
Remember this! Making small, sustainable changes to your lifestyle can have a significant impact on your overall health, and consulting with a healthcare professional for personalised advice and support will go a long way in some of the avoidable health crises that can threaten our health and wellness as we age.
Lastly, always consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions regarding your health.
Let’s make 2025 a year of prioritising our health and well-being.
Sincerely,
The ROHSI Management Team
Oct 6, 2024 | Healthy Tips
Every October, World Cerebral Palsy Day unites communities around the globe to raise awareness and promote inclusivity for individuals living with cerebral palsy (CP). This annual event provides an opportunity to shine a light on the challenges faced by those with CP while celebrating their achievements and potential. At cerebralpalsyguidance.com, we are committed to offering resources and support to individuals with cerebral palsy and their families. This article explores the significance of World Cerebral Palsy Day, available support, and how we can all contribute to a more inclusive society.
Understanding Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that affects movement, balance, and posture. It is the most common motor disability in childhood, resulting from abnormal brain development or damage. The effects vary widely among individuals, with some managing to walk independently while others rely on wheelchairs or other assistive devices.
The Significance of World Cerebral Palsy Day
Observed on October 6th, World Cerebral Palsy Day serves as a platform to amplify the voices of individuals with CP and advocate for their rights. The day encourages participation in activities that promote awareness and inclusion, ranging from sharing personal stories to organizing community events. Learn more about global initiatives at the World CP Day official site.
Raising Awareness and Education
Awareness is crucial for fostering understanding and support for individuals with CP. Educating the public can dispel myths and reduce stigma, creating a more inclusive environment. Schools, workplaces, and communities can implement awareness programs to ensure everyone is informed about the challenges and capabilities of individuals with CP. Discover educational resources at Cerebral Palsy Alliance.
Cerebral Palsy and Diabetes
A critical aspect of cerebral palsy is its association with other health conditions, such as diabetes. Studies indicate an increased risk of diabetes in individuals with CP, partly due to reduced mobility and obesity. Furthermore, maternal diabetes has been linked to a higher risk of CP in infants, highlighting the importance of managing diabetes during pregnancy. For more on this connection, visit the Mayo Clinic’s guidance on diabetes and pregnancy.
Support and Resources
Support extends beyond awareness, encompassing access to therapy, educational support, and financial assistance. Therapies like physical, occupational, and speech therapy are vital for skill development and mobility maintenance. Educational support through individualized education programs (IEPs) ensures that children with CP receive tailored learning experiences. Financial assistance is available to help cover medical care, therapy, and adaptive equipment costs. Explore financial assistance options.
Technological Advancements
Innovations in technology have opened new avenues for supporting individuals with CP. Assistive technologies, such as communication devices and adaptive equipment, enhance independence and quality of life. For the latest in assistive technology, visit AbleData’s assistive technology resources.
Community and Advocacy
Building a supportive community is essential for empowering individuals with CP. Advocacy groups and online communities offer platforms for sharing experiences and influencing policy changes. Joining advocacy groups can promote better inclusion and accessibility in society. Check out Cerebral Palsy Foundation’s advocacy efforts.
Celebrating Achievements
World Cerebral Palsy Day is also a time to celebrate the achievements of people with CP. Stories of success and determination inspire others and challenge societal perceptions. Highlighting these achievements honors their hard work and motivates others to pursue their dreams. For inspiring stories, visit Cerebral Palsy News Today’s success stories.
How You Can Get Involved
There are numerous ways to participate in World Cerebral Palsy Day. Whether through volunteering, fundraising, or spreading awareness, your involvement can make a difference. Volunteering at local events or supporting organizations dedicated to CP can amplify their efforts. To find volunteering opportunities, visit VolunteerMatch.
Conclusion
World Cerebral Palsy Day is more than a day of recognition; it’s a call to action for all of us to contribute to a more inclusive and understanding world. By raising awareness, supporting advocacy, and providing resources, we can help those with cerebral palsy lead fulfilling lives. Let us all celebrate this day by embracing diversity and empowering those with cerebral palsy to reach their full potential.
https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/
Apr 13, 2024 | Healthy Tips
Blood sugar, also known as blood glucose, is the main sugar our body uses for energy. It comes from the food we eat, especially carbohydrates. After digestion, our body breaks down these carbs into glucose, which enters our bloodstream. Here, a hormone called insulin acts like a key, unlocking the doors of our cells, and allowing glucose in for energy.
However, problems can arise if our blood sugar isn’t well managed. Chronically high blood sugar, often associated with diabetes, can lead to serious health issues. This is where meal planning comes in as a powerful tool.
For ROHSI members living with blood sugar concerns, meal planning can be a powerful tool. It goes beyond just choosing healthy foods; it’s about strategically creating a roadmap for your diet and empowering you to manage your blood sugar effectively.
Meal planning involves strategically choosing and preparing your meals and snacks in advance. Here’s why meal planning is a game-changer:
Stability! Regular, balanced meals keep our blood sugar from spiking or dipping dramatically. Planning ensures we have healthy options readily available, preventing unhealthy choices made in a rush.
Portion Control! Planning meals allows us to measure ingredients (appropriate serving) beforehand, avoiding overeating, a significant factor in blood sugar control.
Nutritional Balance! Planning helps incorporate a variety of nutrient-rich foods. Think lean protein for sustained energy, fibre-rich vegetables for slow digestion, and healthy fats for satiety.
Carb Awareness: You can plan meals with a focus on complex carbohydrates, found in whole grains and vegetables. These release glucose slowly, leading to a more gradual rise in blood sugar compared to refined carbohydrates like white bread or sugary drinks.
Predictability! Following a meal plan establishes a consistent eating pattern. This predictability helps your body anticipate and regulate insulin release, leading to better blood sugar control.
Reduced Stress! Knowing what you’ll eat eliminates decision fatigue and grocery store overwhelm. This translates to less stress, which can also impact blood sugar levels.
We must add the following to our meal planning so as to achieve working blood sugar!
Inventory! We must check our pantry, refrigerator, and freezer. Plan meals around what we already have to minimize waste.
Set Goals! We must consider our preferences and dietary needs. Focus on incorporating more non-starchy vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
Plan our meals! We must create a weekly schedule with breakfast, lunch, dinner, and healthy snacks.
Batch Cook! We must try and dedicate time to cooking larger portions of protein or grains that can be used in various meals throughout the week.
Get Creative! Try and explore healthy recipe options online or in cookbooks. Find low-carb alternatives for your favourite dishes.
Remember, meal planning is a journey, not a destination. Be flexible, adjust as needed, and most importantly, celebrate your progress! With consistent meal planning, you’ll gain control of your blood sugar and feel empowered on your path to a healthier you.
Courtesy: Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) Dietary Unit
Jan 22, 2024 | Healthy Tips
Friends and ROHSI Community Members, we forget lukewarm resolutions and tired cliches; this year, we’re saying “No Gree for Anybody” when it comes to our health! It’s time to channel that Nigerian warrior spirit into building a fortress of well-being that leaves anything unhealthy shaking in our boots.
First, we must reclaim our power by prioritising preventative care. We must ditch the negativity. Stop letting whispers of “what ifs” and “can’t-dos” drown out the roar of our potential. Swap the “should haves” for the “will dos.” We must ditch the doctor-only-when-desperate mentality. We must adopt regular checkups, screenings, and even simple self-examinations. They must become our weapons against stealthy threats.
Whether it’s monitoring blood pressure or keeping tabs on that nagging mole, early detection is our battle cry in 2024 and beyond.
Next, we must unleash our inner nutrition, Ninja. We must fuel our bodies with rebellion. No gree for sugary treats, processed junk, or emotional eating. Fill our plate with colourful warriors: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and whole grains. Let them be our health-boosting arsenal. Let them fight for our well-being.
Sugar and processed junk? Those are the invaders lurking at the gates, ready to weaken our defenses. Remember, we are what we eat, so choosing wisely is the key this year!
Stress? We should not let it be our landlord. We must find our stressbusters, our peaceful warriors. Meditation, yoga, laughter with loved ones—let us build a fortress of calm around us. We must prioritise sleep, the ultimate health reset button. We must hit the pillow knowing we’ve claimed our day; we must not succumb to its pressures.
Movement is our shield; we must be ready to sweat our battle cry. Embrace activities that set our soul on fire, not just our feet. Dance, swim, cycle, climb—we must find joy in physical expression. Regular exercise tones our body and bolsters our mind, making you and me an unstoppable force against sluggishness and stress.
We must not also forget that the real enemy sometimes lies within. We must tackle our mental well-being with the same tenacity. Prioritise our sleep, embrace mindfulness, and learn to say “no” when our cup is full. This year, self-care is not a luxury; it’s a superpower. We must recharge our batteries for this and be battle-ready.
This year, the ROHSI Team is saying that health isn’t just a goal; it’s a revolution. It’s saying no to limitations and yes to possibilities. It’s about reclaiming our energy, our strength, and our healthy lives. No more tolerating aches, ignoring checkups, or succumbing to unhealthy habits.” So, let us all spread the word and shout it from the rooftops: “No gree for anybody with our health in 2024!”
Health is our birthright, not a privilege. We are claiming it, owning it, and making this year our healthiest yet. ‘No gree for anything less’!
Courtesy: Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) Board and Management Team.
