Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) Otun Abese Medical Outreach 2025

Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) Otun Abese Medical Outreach 2025

 

 

On Saturday, June 21, 2025, the Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) successfully conducted a free medical outreach at Otun Abese Community, Ibadan, Oyo State. Approximately 200 residents, comprising men, women, children, and the elderly, accessed essential healthcare services.

The outreach promoted health awareness, offered medical screenings, provided free medication, and educated the community on healthy living practices. The ROHSI approach focused on proactive health management and accessible care.

At the medical outreach, we provided health education where vital information on maintaining good health, regular medical screenings, and adopting healthy lifestyles were discussed with the participants

Also, there was medical screening to identify various health conditions early, especially on hypertension and diabetes, the two silent killers

Participants also received free medications courtesy of our sponsors and partners. On that day also some individuals that requires further medical attention were referred to appropriate healthcare facilities

Names of individuals with critical medical conditions were listed out for further support and follow-up through our WhatsApp community, where we shared daily health tips and other health opportunities

We extend our deepest gratitude to our sponsors: Codix Pharma Nigeria, Kemisola Bolarinwa through Next Wear Technologies, Africa Social Enterprise Workshop (ASEW) for supporting our social enterprise scheme and other anonymous contributors.

To our host community, Otun Abese Community, for their warmth and hospitality, and our Board of Trustees, Management Team, Staff, and Volunteers for their dedication and hard work. To our family, friends, and ROHSI Community, we say thank you all for your support and generosity. We enjoy always

Major highlights of the outreach:

  • A majority of residents are unaware of their health status, highlighting a critical need for increased health awareness campaigns.
  • Even those aware of their conditions cannot access necessary care due to the escalating cost of medical services.
  • There is an alarming surge in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), particularly hypertension and diabetes. This trend demands urgent attention from the government and other stakeholders.
  • The preventable nature of many NCDs, which are tragically claiming the lives of our working and productive adults, is a significant concern that requires immediate and concerted efforts.

The surge in preventable #NCDs demands urgent intervention from government and stakeholders. We urge:

  • The implementation of practical healthcare policies (beyond paperwork).
  • Introduction of affordable indigenous health insurance schemes for underserved community
  • More partnerships from governments, policymakers and organisations of like minds to expand medical outreach programmes.

We reiterate our profound gratitude to all our sponsors, partners, board, and team members for making this outreach a success. We remain committed to bridging healthcare gaps and working towards accessible quality healthcare for all.

Thank you for your unwavering support.

ROHSI Management Team.

Rays of Hope Support Initiative: Path to Healthier Lives in Ibadan

Rays of Hope Support Initiative: Path to Healthier Lives in Ibadan

Rays of Hope Support Initiative: Path to Healthier Lives in Ibadan

 

 

Rays of Hope Support Initiative: Path to Healthier Lives in Ibadan

 

Nigeria’s Silent Health Crisis: Hypertension and Diabetes

More than 20 million Nigerians are living and battling with hypertension silently, while more than 11 million live with diabetes. More than half of those affected by these silent killers are unaware of their health status. Even among those who are aware, many are not taking action. Those trying to seek care are hindered by economic challenges and unable to afford or access health care. As a result, they resign to their fate, waiting for the inevitable.

Nearly 30% of deaths in Nigeria, either at the hospital or at home, stem from NCDs. The nation’s potential brightest contributors are lost to these illnesses. The most vulnerable are hit hardest, as a lack of resources cuts their dreams short.

Rays of Hope Support Initiative

Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) has been operational since 2017. Located in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. ROHSI is dedicated to combating the rising burden of NCDs in Ibadan and Nigeria, where it has been implementing innovative solutions to address these pressing issues. As an organization working within the NCD health space, ROHSI has focused on empowering vulnerable populations, such as older people, women and children, who are disproportionately affected by NCDs. This involves providing targeted interventions, addressing social determinants of health and ensuring equitable access to health care services.

The ROHSI team, since inception, has been working closely with local health care providers through collaboration and partnerships to ensure that individuals with NCDs, especially hypertension and diabetes, receive appropriate treatment and care. This includes providing access to essential medications and connecting patients with support services. Through its community-based health education initiative, the organization conducts regular health education programs to raise awareness about NCDs, especially hypertension and diabetes, their risk factors and preventive measures.

These sessions are tailored to the specific needs of the community, ensuring that information is accessible and understandable. Furthermore, the ROHSI early detection and screening program allows for timely intervention, reducing the likelihood of severe complications, therefore saving many lives from avoidable deaths.

Impact of Rays of Hope Support Initiative

ROHSI’s efforts have yielded significant results in improving the health and well-being of the community in Ibadan. It has educated more than 10,000 citizens on disease prevention with an emphasis on hypertension and diabetes. The organization has made an impact across three states, reaching more than 5,000 direct beneficiaries through free screenings and medication.

The nonprofit currently has a thriving online community with access to daily, up-to-date health tips. More than 1,500 members are part of its combined Facebook group, with thousands more across other social media platforms, where they access up-to-date information on health-related issues.

Many of ROHSI’s community members have reported a significant improvement in their quality of life as a result of the team interventions, including reduced symptoms, increased energy levels and greater independence.

Final Note

ROHSI has strengthened its community members’ resilience by empowering individuals to take control of their health and well-being. It has done so through daily health tips and free access to its medical team for guidance on health and wellness issues. The organization has advocated for favourable health policy changes from the Nigerian government and policymakers to address the root causes of NCDs and improve access to health care services in Nigeria. It does this by fostering partnerships and collaborations with like-minded local and international organizations.

Coutersy: The Borgen Project & ROHSI 

 

The Nigeria Network Of NGOs Is Celebrating Its Crush Monday!

The Nigeria Network Of NGOs Is Celebrating Its Crush Monday!

 

This week, we shine our MCM limelight on Benjamin Masominu Olorunfemi, an exemplary leader who has dedicated his life to the service of humanity. Born on June 7th, Benjamin is the driving force behind Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI), where he serves as the Executive Director. With a career that spans over 18 years, Benjamin has made significant strides in the field of social impact and community development, particularly in the health sector.

Benjamin’s journey is one marked by a relentless pursuit of excellence and a deep commitment to improving the lives of the underserved. His work with ROHSI has been transformative and impactful, particularly in the areas of non-communicable diseases, hypertension and diabetes. Since taking the helm in 2017, his ability to build and maintain strategic partnerships with government agencies, donors, and stakeholders has been crucial in sustaining efforts and ensuring that the organization’s mission holds, and this mission.  Benjamin has successfully implemented with over 11 community health outreaches across Lagos, Oyo, and Osun states. These initiatives have provided free screenings and medication to over 5,000 individuals, offering hope and health to some of Nigeria’s most underserved, and left behind communities.

With a solid educational background in Banking and Finance from Ambrose Alli University, coupled with certifications from the Nigerian Institute of Industrial Security and the Police Training College in Ikeja. Benjamin has also taken numerous courses in entrepreneurship, leadership, cyber security, nonprofit management, and social enterprise – skills that have proven invaluable in his current role.
Benjamin’s contributions to community health and development are profound. In 2023, he was nominated for the prestigious CSR_in_Action: CAHR Award. He is also an active member of the Nigeria Network of NGOs, World Health Organisation Global Diabetes Compact Forum, and World Patients Alliance, where he continues to advocate for better health outcomes on a global scale.
Guided by his philosophy, “I believe in making a tangible difference in people’s lives,” Benjamin Masominu remains committed to serving humanity and creating opportunities. His leadership is embedded in the power of building strong partnerships and leveraging resources to address the challenges faced by underserved communities.

On Member Crush Monday Feature which also coincides with the commemoration of World Humanitarian Day, join us in celebrating Benjamin Masominu Olorunfemi, a change maker who embodies the spirit of humanitarianism and continues to inspire us all to act for humanity.
#MemberCrushMonday
#WorldHumanitarianDay
#PhilanthropyMatters
#ChangeMakersInNonprofits
#NonprofitsDoingGood
#SustainableDevelopmentGoals
#LeaveNoOneBehind
#GlobalGoals #Rohsi3 #NNNGO  

ROHSI SOS CALL TO OUR POLICYMAKERS AND THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AS WE MARK THIS YEAR WORLD HYPERTENSION DAY!

ROHSI SOS CALL TO OUR POLICYMAKERS AND THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AS WE MARK THIS YEAR WORLD HYPERTENSION DAY!

Today, the number of the people living with hypertension has doubled to 1.28 billion, says World health Organisation (WHO), and nearly half of these people did not know they had it (More than 700 million people with untreated hypertension).

As an organisation working within the NCDs space, we know some of the effects of hypertension on our people! That hypertension significantly increases the risk of heart, brain, and kidney diseases that has caused many sudden death and disease among our people.

That, about 25-30% of medical emergencies at our medical centres got to do with issues related to high blood pressure and other Non-Communicable diseases (NCDs). That hypertension does not show signs or symptoms, but it can be detected through checking of ones’ blood pressure either at home or in a health centre. That hypertension can often be treated effectively with medications that are low cost (but not often affordable).

From our field experience and conversations with our community people, we saw the prevalence of hypertension to be so high. We are asking our policymakers, international organisations such World Health organisation (WHO), International Hypertension Federation and community influencers to arise and help with a framework that can help in reducing the risk and burden that come with this ailment among our people.

We ask that they make our primary health centres a working one (be equipped to meet up the need of the people as the first point of contact) where our people can have access to the best treatment and possible medical referrals in case.

The cost of hypertension treatment per person in Nigeria is on the high side. It has led majority of our people to source for alternative means or abandoning treatments due to the high cost of treatment and medications with little family income (that is to tell us that there is poverty in the land). For people to access medical treatments and medications in a month, it cost; them over #5000 (in a population where the majority survive on less than a few hundred Naira per day).

We are asking, let there be an increase in awareness, screening, treatment, and control of hypertension among our people. They must be encouraged to visit our Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) with the assurance of having access to best of medical treatment.

Let there be considerations to the cost of procuring high blood pressure medications. If they can do it with HIV/AIDS and TB something like that can be done with hypertension treatment and other NCDs.

We must know that hypertension and other NCDs worsen our people’s poverty levels since it would not allow them to make a viable contribution to national income that can lead to growth and development.

We at the  Rays Of Hope Support Initiative -ROHSI are saying; we can stop the surge of hypertension among our people if we all do our part.

We care for the  health and wellbeing of our people. That is why we are #ROHSI3.

HE ALMOST DIED FROM HYPERTENSION; NOW HE HELPS OTHERS LIVE FREE OF THE DISEASE – Prime Progress News

HE ALMOST DIED FROM HYPERTENSION; NOW HE HELPS OTHERS LIVE FREE OF THE DISEASE – Prime Progress News

HE ALMOST DIED FROM HYPERTENSION; NOW HE HELPS OTHERS LIVE FREE OF THE DISEASE

 

Benjamin Olorunfemi had strong headaches and felt body weakness amid racing heartbeats. When self-medication did not help, his wife persuaded him to see a doctor. What followed was slightly scary.

“I went as advised, and the doctor that attended to me raised an eyebrow about my blood pressure numbers [198/125 mmHg, way above the healthy average of 120/80 mmHg),” 49-year-old Olorunfemi said.

His condition was hypertension stage 3, the doctor explained further. The doctor prescribed some drugs for Olorunfemi, which he took and, fortunately, became better.

But during his recovery process, Olorunfemi wanted to know more about hypertension and how to control it, so he started reading online articles on the subject. This led him to discover that millions of Nigerians live with hypertension and other non-communicable diseases without knowing it.

His finding was consistent with a World Health Organisation report that says “most people with hypertension are unaware of the problem because it may have no warning signs or symptoms.”

Available data further confirms that at least 31% of Nigerians (66 million) are suffering from hypertension. And most of the 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 who live with the disease globally are from low and middle-income countries like Nigeria.

Olorunfemi takes action to help others

Inspired by his discovery, in 2017, Olorunfemi started a nonprofit organisation, Rays of Hope Support Initiative or ROHSI, to create awareness about hypertension and diabetes (another deadly disease affecting 5.77% of Nigerians) among rural residents of Oyo State in Southwest Nigeria, where he lives.

Olorunfemi started with a post on Facebook explaining what he planned to do and asking for volunteers. He got several responses, including from a pharmacist and three medical doctors who are now part of his volunteer pool of 19.

Operating from Plot 5. Block C, Oke Bola(CICS) Layout,Ondo Road, Otun Abese in Ibadan, Oyo State, ROHSI also provides free screening, medical advice, and free medications to patients with hypertension and diabetes via biannual community outreaches.

Once every six months, the group holds a health outreach in a rural community in either Oyo or Lagos State. The outreach is done in consultation and collaboration with community leaders, targeting young adults and the elderly.

Months before the outreach, the group runs physical and social media fundraising campaigns to raise money to buy drugs and handle other logistics during the one-day campaign.

On the day of the outreach, people come to a designated location. Medical experts in ROHSI’s team brief the attendees about hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the risk factors, dangers, symptoms, preventive measures., and what to do if they have symptoms of the diseases.

After that, each participant can proceed to see a doctor for testing. Those with positive results are directed to see another doctor who counsels them privately and sends a list of prescribed drugs to the pharmacist, who hands the medications to the patient for free. 

“We test for their blood pressure, blood sugar level, as well as their weight. We offer medical education and treat them where necessary,” said Charles Fajonyomi, a volunteer medical doctor with the organisation.

“Our mandate is to reach out and impact the lives of Nigerians in our rural communities who are not aware of the life-threatening effects of hypertension and diabetes and the preventive methods,” adds Olorunfemi, who studied Banking and Finance but works as a security expert for a private security firm in Oyo.

Olorunfemi said the organisation had its first outreach in August 2017 at Irewumi community in Oyo State. Since then, it has reached about 10,000 people with information about hypertension and diabetes mellitus, including nearly 3000 people (across six communities in Lagos and Oyo states) it has screened and provided with health advice and free medications.

“At first, we thought it was a joke, but they treated us free of charge when they came to our community,” said 50-year-old Imam Ibraheem’, who benefitted during that first outreach in Irewumi.

For 59-year-old Taiwo Odukoya, a November 2019 beneficiary from Otun Abese community in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State, “They checked my blood pressure, and it was high. They also told me my sugar level was high. “[Then] I was given drugs, and they followed up on me from time to time to be sure I was sticking to my medication and recovering well.”

As a means of follow-up on its beneficiaries, the organisation created a WhatsApp group where beneficiaries can always ask questions about their health and get advice from its volunteer doctors in the group. The group now has 256 members.

“We ask questions and talk to doctors [on the group] when we need to,” said Ibraheem’.

Fajonyomi, the doctor, said ROHSI is trying to change rural dwellers’ attitudes toward their health. And that is because “people’s attitude to their health is poor in our part of the world. Once people are not very sick, they don’t care about going for medical check-ups.”

According to Olorunfemi, the nonprofit conducts just two outreaches per year because, for now, its funding and funding sources are limited, mostly from family, friends, and colleagues and whatever they get from their social media calls for support per outreach.

He said none of the group’s regular calls for support from pharmaceutical companies, local authorities and donor organisations had yielded any significant fruits.

“Getting support isn’t always easy. Most times, we write to pharmaceutical companies seeking drugs, but that support never comes, and we have to purchase the drugs ourselves,” he said.

He said in the future, ROHSI hopes to build a medical centre in Oyo State, where people could have access to healthcare when they need it for free.

“Our primary healthcare system is not there yet, and it is supposed to be the first point of call for the majority of these preventable ailments in our communities, but that’s not the case. Also, the cost of accessing treatment and medication is so high that it discourages a lot of people from visiting health facilities when they have symptoms of these ailments,” Olorunfemi said.

First Published By Prime Progress https://primeprogressng.com/posts/he-almost-died-from-hypertension-now-he-helps-others-live-free-of-the-disease-55

ROHSI MAKES CASE FOR WIDOWS, SINGLE MOTHERS IN NIGERIA – Dispatch News Online

ROHSI MAKES CASE FOR WIDOWS, SINGLE MOTHERS IN NIGERIA – Dispatch News Online

ROHSI MAKES CASE FOR WIDOWS, SINGLE MOTHERS IN NIGERIA

The Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI), a non-governmental organisaton has proffered solution to the plights of widows and single mothers in Nigeria, following the difficult challenges they face after the death of their spouses.
This was made known in a paper presented by Oyeronke Olorunfemi, director at ROHSI during a programme organised recently by Heart For Widows International, a charity organisaton, to commemorate the United Nations (UN) International Day 2021 held at Alagbaka in Akure, Ondo State with theme: “Invisible Woman, Invisible Problem”.

Olorunfemi said that in the course of her community work, she noticed that more of women especially, older women are having high blood pressure than their male counterparts as majority are widows, handed over the mantle of family leadership without much preparation after the death of their husbands.
She therefore, prays that, God should continue to protect the men as they go out daily, not to die young as not to relinquish the mantle of family leadership to the woman should such suddenly happens.

“We know the loss of a partner is devastating. For many of our women around the world especially in developing countries such as ours, the loss is magnified by a long-term struggle for their basic needs, their rights and dignity”, Olorunfemi said.

She stressed on what befalls the woman should she loose her husband to include evicted from their homes or physically abused, or where their social status is linked to that of their husband’s and such husband passed on suddenly without a solid plan, what would happen to the health of such a widow?

Olorunfemi lamented that such a widow among other things have to accept unwillingly what nature has brought to her because of the children, unwarranted conditions from their husband relatives, social norms, which results in many women dying prematurely.

“So we can all imagine how burning this issue is? I have this question, should our women identity be defined by their husband or should be viewed on their own merits?” she asked.

To this end, she suggested ways by which government and society must improve the lives of widows, single women and their families to include:

“We must come up with poverty-reduction strategies like access to credit or other economic resources and provide educational opportunities for our widows and their children to make life easier.

“Our widows should have unlimited rights to their husband inheritance or land ownership under the law of the land.

“Violence towards widows must be stopped and it has to be now.

“We must all advocate for equitable access to healthcare for our widows. They must not be denied such an opportunity.

“We must them secure against economic insecurity stemming from widowhood that has driven some of our widows and girls to sex work.

“We must keep talking to authorities to take action to uphold their commitment to ensuring the rights of the widows as enshrined in our laws and conventions.

“Let us keep advocating for programmes and policies for ending violence against widows and their children.

She concluded that the above would make life more meaningful to widows, as the health and the wellbeing of their children would not be an issue anymore, because these solutions if implemented would have taken care of those needs.

Eelier in their welcome addresses, Prince Adetayo Adesida and Mrs. Britt Schulze Adesida expressed the gratitude that God had used them to reach out to widows across Africa and the world at large by empowering them, so that they can fend for themselves on the event of the loose of their husbands.
“God has been able to help spread our tentacles to some countries in Africa as well where we have been able to reach out to the widows in Rwanda, Kenya, Lesotho, Seychelles, Uganda to mention but a few.
“We thank God that we did not only give widows fishes to survive on, but also teach them how to fish through various vocational developmental schemes, which empowers the widow to be self-reliant and self-sufficient to the point that their product which is been displayed at this event, is not only sold in the country, but also shipped out of other countries so that it becomes an economic empowerment for our widows.”
“God has been so faithful to the point that we are able to establish this foundation in the USA, The Netherlands, Germany, India, Nigeria, Tanzania and Bulgaria.
Dignitaries at the event include The Deji of Akure, Oba Aladetoyinbo Ogunlade Adelusi represented by Chief Aro of Akure kingdom accompanied by some chiefs from the palace; delegation from the Ondo State government, which included Mrs. Olubunmi Ademosu, Special Adviser to the Ondo State government on Intergovernmental Relation and Oluwafemi Dennis Fadairo, Director of Administration to the Senate President of Nigeria, Ahmed Lawan.

First Published By Dispatch News Online http://dispatchnews.com.ng/2021/08/02/rohsi-makes-case-for-widows-single-mothers-in-nigeria/

ROHSI CALL TO ACTION

 

ROHSI CALL TO ACTION
I am writing to say thank you and to show my appreciations for all that you have made us to achieved in terms of being able to provide access to healthcare treatment to our targeted community members. A huge thank you!
I am also using this as a call to action to my other friends to be part of what we are doing at Rays of Hope Support Initiative – #ROHSI3

Within my work as a social development worker, whenever I hear of people battling with health-related issues especially hypertension and diabetes that have led to strokes, heart attack, sudden death, or stories such as he/she wasn’t sick, we were still together yesterday give me and my team great pains because death such as this could be prevented with access to information, measures and monitoring of our health numbers, medication, and change in lifestyle.

I do wish we saved many of these lives by influencing their diets and lifestyles in a way that would keep them healthy and strong to be able to be alive for their loved ones! We know how unbearable it is; to lose a loving and dependable member of a household. I do not want this to happening again because many of these deaths could be prevented with our efforts at Rays of Hope Support Initiative.

I am asking you to join my team with your resources, time (as our ambassadors/Volunteers), network, collaborations, recommendation, money, donations. Let us save lives by inculcating healthy lifestyles through awareness and access to equity healthcare treatment among people when we were able to take the good news to their doorsteps.

You can start from here:

For the donations, use any of our secure links:
STANBICIBTC BANK PLC: Rays of Hope Support Initiative
Naira: 0022069426
Dollar: 0027047650
Or through
www.rohsi.org/donate

If you could support this by donating and then sharing it with your network. I would greatly appreciate it. I know that money can be tight, so please know that every donation makes us closer to our goal.
Kindly reach out to me in case you have any questions, and I will be happy to answer them. I thank all for rejoicing with me and joining me in this mission of impacting and saving the majority of our people from avoidable/sudden death.


Let’s do this together! Love, Health and Joy,

Benjamin Olorunfemi

Executive Director

ROHSI CREATES AWARENESS ON SALIENT ILLNESSES – Dispatch News Online

ROHSI CREATES AWARENESS ON SALIENT ILLNESSES – Dispatch News Online

ROHSI CREATES AWARENESS ON SALIENT ILLNESSES

By Canice Opara

The Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) has been creating awareness on salient sicknesses in the country, such as hypertension and diabetes through education on their health implications.

According to Mr. Benjamin Olorunfemi, founder of the organization, these ailments have been causing a lot of problems in the country, and unfortunately people are not always taking them seriously, hence his organization has embarked on an awareness campaign to education citizens.

Olorunfemi, who narrated how he almost died through these sickness, said he later researched on them only to discover that high blood pressure and diabetes are among other non-communicable diseases millions of Nigerians are battling with without knowing what they are, that this has led to his desire to raise awareness, provide health education, get people screened for hypertension and diabetes with the vision to reducing the untimely death resulting from complications caused by these ailments. Hence, Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) was born in March 2017.

“We found out that if people had access to information and medical services early, deaths and other health complications arising from these ailments could be prevented. Then we decided to fight against these diseases with one-on-one talk Initiative, which was later extended to our communities because of the increasing number of people who need information and treatment”, he said.

Olorunfemi, quoting the World Health Organisation (WHO), said hypertension and diabetes are responsible for an estimated 45 percent of adults’ death due to heart diseases, and 51 percent of deaths due to stroke globally, with studies blaming the increasing prevalence of the condition on lifestyle and dietary factors such as physical inactivity, alcohol and tobacco use, and a diet high in sodium usually from processed and fatty foods. That unfortunately, the control of hypertension and diabetes has become a priority in many countries of the world, but remains a crisis in Nigeria in terms of awareness and management as the condition continues unabated.

He stated that studies continue to show from experts that more Nigerians are daily battling with these ailments without laid down measures, and asked why?

The ROHSI founder believes that economic downturn and the astronomical increase in managing these ailments are forcing many people to go on compulsory “drug holiday’’, as they found it hard to get funds in getting medical screening and medication on real-time. And that it could be why today people are seeking an alternative to orthodox drugs and treatment, as the economic situation has not allowed the majority of them to be able to cope with continuing medication.

He wondered why government, whose responsibility it is to create awareness and help pharmaceutical companies in curbing these sicknesses, is not doing much in that regard.

“Our government that was supposed to help in terms of awareness, providing relief and subsidies to pharmaceutical companies and the people with hypertension and diabetes to ameliorates their health conditions are not doing much even; our primary healthcare centres that supposed to be the first point of call for screening, detecting and helping in alleviating these ailments are not functioning to their name. Today, many of these patients are going back to alternative medicine or ‘’drug holiday’’ as I have said earlier, which often worsens the condition resulting in more health complications”, Olorunfemi lamented.

He said based on this, they are coming in to bridge that gap by coming in today as an organization to provide means by which more of people with these ailments could be reached through programmes like community outreaches, where they have provided free screening and medication to over 3,000 Nigerians.

“We all know there are significant health and economic gains attached to early detection, adequate treatment and good control of hypertension and diabetes than treating the complications of these ailments”, he reminded.

While saying that his organisation has the vision of supporting the health and well-being of people through health education and enlightenment, Olorunfemi said “but it’s not what we can do alone as an organisation; we need like minded people like you to help us with your time, network, resources among others in achieving the following:

“To create awareness on the effects and management of hypertension and diabetes among our people with special interest among the low income and the less privileged members of our society.

“To help increase the understanding among the communities, especially the less privileged members of the communities battling with these ailments about its impact on their health.

“To reduce the percentage of people with these diseases significantly through our awareness, health education and community outreaches respectively with follow-up on a great percentage of the people.

“To provide people living with hypertension or diabetes with comprehensive information on the causes and management.

“To provide our targeted audience with ongoing follow-up information on hypertension and diabetes.

“To reach a larger number of the communities with pamphlets, handbill, lecture in local dialects for clear and better understanding of what hypertension and diabetes are all about, and how deadly they could become if not discovered and managed on time”.

Olorunfemi advised that Nigerians should discourage people from resorting to self – medication, but instead seek for proper medical attention.

He added that all of the above cannot be achieved without Nigerians’ efforts and contributions, and that is why his organisation is asking people to join them with all that they have in achieving these.

First Published By Dispatch News Online http://dispatchnews.com.ng/2020/09/19/rohsi-creates-awareness-on-salient-illnesses/

 

MY STORY WITH RAYS OF HOPE SUPPORT INITIATIVE

MY STORY WITH RAYS OF HOPE SUPPORT INITIATIVE

 

 

 

 

  Awareness 

MY STORY WITH RAYS OF HOPE SUPPORT INITIATIVE-ROHSI

BY: Benjamin Olorunfemi

 In July 2016, after being away for weeks I came home to observe some off-duty days with my family. I knew I was having symptoms of not being in good health but I cannot say precisely what was wrong with me. My wife and I was a bit worry because I hardly fell sick.

I took some medication (just as we like to do in this part of the world without consulting a doctor; or any medical personnel). I was a bit ok as I went back to my place of work after observing the few days off. But by the time I resumed back, it became an issue as I couldn’t comprehend or coordinate myself. I was advised to visit a hospital to see a doctor. I went as advise, and the doctor that attended to me raised an eyebrow about my blood pressure numbers (to me it was nothing because I did not know the health implications of the numbers).

I was given medication for few days with advice to come back in a matter of days but within two days my blood pressure numbers rose from 140/100 mmHg  to 198/125mmHg  (at this stage, all was happening to me as I could not see, the headache, the heartbeats among others). I was rushed back to the hospital by my colleagues, where I was admitted and put under observation for over 12 hours (Their actions saved my life from some health complications I got to know later).

I got advised of my life through the medical doctor that attended to me on what was happening to me, the prevalence in Nigeria and the health implications it could cause me if I did not get to manage it on time. He made me understand that it has led to many dying at their prime but; I wondered why with all my education and exposure I did not get to know this

With that, consultations were made within the circle of friends, family, and community members among others. Books and Journals were read researching on what is high blood pressure, diabetes among other non-communicable diseases and what I found out (that millions of Nigerians are battling with these diseases without in knowing of what it is) led to the desire to raise awareness, provide health education, get people screened for hypertension and diabetes with the vision of reducing the untimely death resulting from complications caused by these ailments

We found out that if people had access to information and medical services early, deaths and other health complications arising from these ailments could be prevented. Then we decided to fight against these diseases with one on one talk Initiative, which was later extended to our communities but because of the increasing number of people who need information and treatment, Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) was born in March 2017

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hypertension and diabetes are responsible for an estimated 45% of adults’ death due to heart diseases and 51% of deaths due to stroke globally with studies blaming the increasing prevalence of the condition on lifestyle and dietary factors such as physical inactivity, alcohol and tobacco use, and a diet high in sodium usually from processed and fatty foods. Unfortunately, the control of hypertension and diabetes has become a priority in many countries of the world, but remain a crisis in Nigeria in terms of awareness and management as the condition continues unabated.

 Studies continue to show from experts that more Nigerians are daily battling with these ailments without laid down measures why? The economic downturn and the astronomical increase in managing these ailments are forcing many of our people to go on compulsory ‘’ drug holiday’’ as they found it hard to get funds in getting medical screening and medication on real-time.

Today people are seeking an alternative to orthodox drugs and treatment as the economic situation has not allowed the majority of them to be able to cope with continuing medication.

Our government that was supposed to help in terms of awareness, providing relief and subsidies to pharmaceutical companies and the people with hypertension and diabetes to ameliorates their health conditions are not doing much even; our primary healthcare centres that supposed to be the first point of call for screening, detecting and help in alleviating these ailments are not functioning to their name. Today, many of these patients are going back to alternative medicine or ‘’ drug holiday’’ as I have said earlier which often worsens the condition resulting in more health complications.

Today we are coming in as an organization to provide means by which more of our people with these ailments can be reached through programmes like our community outreaches where we have provided free screening and medication to over 3000 Nigerians. 

We all know there are significant health and economic gains attached to early detection, adequate treatment and good control of hypertension and diabetes than treating the complications of these ailments. 

Through my organization, we have the vision of supporting the health and well being of our people through health education and enlightenment but it’s not what we can do alone as an organization we need like minded people like you to help us with your time, network, resources among others in achieving the following:

  • To create awareness on the effect and management of hypertension and diabetes among our people with special interest among the low income/ less privileged members of our society
  • To help increase the understanding among the communities especially the less privileged member of the communities battling with these ailments about its impact on their health
  • To reduce the percentage of people with this disease significantly through our awareness, health education and community outreaches respectively with follow up on a great percentage of the people
  • To provide people living with hypertension or diabetes with comprehensive information on the causes and management
  • To provide our targeted audience with ongoing follow up information on hypertension and diabetes
  • To reach a larger number of the communities with pamphlets, handbill, lecture in local dialect for clear and better understanding of what hypertension and diabetes are all about and how deadly it can become if not discovered and Managed on time.
  • Discouraging people restoring to self –medication instead of seeking proper medical attention.

All of the above cannot be achieved without your efforts and contributions and that is why we are asking you to join us with all that you have in achieving these.

I am asking for whatever assistance you are ready to give as an individual and organization. Be your brother’s keeper; let us put an end to curtail the effects of these ailments among our people

 

 

WORLD DIABETES DAY 2025: A CALL TO ACTION FOR DIABETES AND WELL-BEING

WORLD DIABETES DAY 2025: A CALL TO ACTION FOR DIABETES AND WELL-BEING

Benjamin Olorunfemi.

November 14th marks World Diabetes Day (WDD), a global awareness campaign led by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). This year’s theme, “Diabetes and Well-being”, focuses on the impact of diabetes in the workplace, with the slogan “Know more and do more for diabetes at work.”

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 830 million people worldwide live with diabetes, with the prevalence increasing rapidly, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Nigeria, an estimated 3.6 to 11 million adults have diabetes, with over 54% remaining undiagnosed.

Millions of people with diabetes face daily challenges managing their condition in the workplace, including stigma, discrimination, and exclusion, which negatively impact their well-being. Research has shown that:

– 7 to 10 people living with diabetes are of working age.

– 3 to 4 people living with diabetes experience anxiety, depression, or another mental health condition due to their diabetes.

– 4 to 5 people living with diabetes experience diabetes burnout

As we mark WDD 2025, we urge the global community and employers to support people living with diabetes and those at risk in the workplace. We encourage everyone to “know more and do more” to promote diabetes awareness, prevention, and management.

Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI) invites you to join us in raising awareness and advocating for diabetes. Participate in a diabetes walk, organise a community event, or support organisations providing essential services to people living with diabetes.

Take action today:

– Learn more about diabetes and its impact on well-being.

– Support diabetes awareness initiatives

– Encourage physical activity and healthy lifestyles

– Advocate for inclusive and supportive workplaces

Your health and well-being matter. Join us in creating a world where people living with diabetes can thrive. If you are unsure of your diabetes status, we encourage you to consult with your healthcare provider. Together, we can create a better DiabetesLife.

 

MY VISION FOR A HEALTHIER NIGERIA AT 65 AND BEYOND!

MY VISION FOR A HEALTHIER NIGERIA AT 65 AND BEYOND!

Benjamin Olorunfemi

As we celebrate Nigeria’s 65th Independence Day, I envision a nation where every citizen has access to quality healthcare, regardless of economic status, geographic location, tribe, or language. A Nigeria where leaders genuinely prioritise the health and well-being of their citizens, recognising that a healthy populace is fundamental to the country’s future.

I envision a Nigeria where citizens can access essential healthcare services without facing financial hardship. This is known to be possible through a well-structured healthcare system that is robust and available at all levels, from local community clinics to tertiary institutions.

In this country of mine (Nigeria), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like hypertension, diabetes, and cancer will not be subjects of debate but conditions that are easily and early detected and managed effectively to prevent complications and premature deaths. Where the cost of medication will be affordable for all citizens, encouraging them to seek medical attention when needed and consistently adhere to their treatment plans.

I foresee a nation where health policies are designed to make a tangible, positive impact on citizens’ lives, moving beyond mere existence on paper. Where policymakers and the government will demonstrate a genuine commitment to serving the healthcare needs of citizens, setting aside personal interests.

A noble country where citizens prioritise their own health by making informed choices about their diet, lifestyle, and healthcare-seeking behaviours.

My country will boast modern, well-equipped healthcare facilities that not only provide quality care to citizens but also become a source of health tourism. Furthermore, I can see a country where citizens will have access to reliable, empowering health information that enables them to make informed decisions about their well-being.

As we celebrate this Independence Day, I see my country becoming a beacon of hope for healthcare in Africa, attracting global recognition. A Nigeria where NCDs, like other health issues, are no longer a leading cause of death, and citizens live healthy, productive lives. This is my dream for Nigeria as we celebrate our independence.

Happy Independence Day to every Nigerian!

 

 

 

WORLD HEART DAY 2025 THE BEAT OF OUR LIVES

WORLD HEART DAY 2025 THE BEAT OF OUR LIVES

Imagine a world where heart disease no longer claims millions of lives each year. A world where families aren’t torn apart by the loss of a loved one to cardiovascular disease. This is the vision behind World Heart Day, observed annually on September 29th.

As we celebrate, World Heart Day with the theme “Don’t Miss a Beat” serves as a powerful call to action. Remind us that heart health is a daily commitment, one that too many overlook until it’s too late. From poor diets to sedentary lifestyles, smoking, and unchecked stress, the choices we make or ignore directly impact our hearts.

While CVD is a global scourge, its rise in Africa, with Nigeria as a critical focal point, is particularly alarming. Once thought to be a disease primarily affecting high-income countries, lifestyle changes, urbanisation, and increasing life expectancy are fuelling a surge in heart-related cases across the continent. Nigeria, with its large and rapidly growing population, is facing a burgeoning crisis.

Heart disease is no longer solely an affliction of the elderly. While older individuals, particularly those over 60, account for a significant proportion of CVD-related deaths, worrying trends show an increasing incidence across younger age groups in Nigeria. Studies reveal that a substantial number of CVD patients are within the 40-70 age bracket, and even younger individuals are not immune. Rheumatic heart disease, for instance, disproportionately affects children and adolescents.

This shift in demographics underscores the widespread nature of the risk factors: unhealthy diets dominated by processed foods, sugary drinks, and excessive salt; sedentary lifestyles due to increased urbanisation; and the persistent challenge of tobacco and alcohol use. The notion that “it won’t happen to me” is a dangerous illusion that needs to be shattered.

Reports indicate a significant increase in CVD admissions and deaths in Nigerian hospitals. Hypertension, often undiagnosed and untreated, is a primary driver. Cardiomyopathies, rheumatic heart disease, and coronary artery disease are also prevalent, straining an already stretched healthcare system. The implications are dire, not just for individuals but for the nation’s development.

Nigeria’s healthcare system faces significant challenges in addressing cardiovascular disease, where:

– Many communities lack access to healthcare services, including preventive care and treatment.

– Healthcare facilities often lack the necessary equipment and personnel to provide quality care. We are saying strengthen our primary healthcare centres (PHCs) to serve as the first line of defence for prevention, early diagnosis, and management of CVD risk factors.

– The “brain drain” of skilled doctors, nurses, and specialists, who are seeking better opportunities abroad, has left a significant gap in the workforce. The doctor-to-patient ratio is alarmingly low, severely impacting access to quality care.

– There are only a handful of centres capable of performing complex cardiac procedures nationwide, and there is a severe shortage of cardiologists. –

– The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) covers a small percentage of the population, leaving millions vulnerable to catastrophic health expenditures.

We are saying our policymakers and government can make the following possible in addressing the growing burden of cardiovascular disease by:

– Allocate more resources to healthcare, particularly for preventive care and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

– Help in upgrading our healthcare facilities and equipment to provide quality care.

– Launch public awareness campaigns to educate people about heart health and the importance of preventive care.

– Implement initiatives to train more cardiologists and cardiac surgeons, offering attractive incentives to retain them within the country. This includes better remuneration, improved working conditions, and opportunities for continuous professional development.

– Aggressively expand the reach of the National Health Insurance Scheme, especially to the informal sector, to ensure universal health coverage and reduce the financial burden on individuals.

– Encourage collaborations between government and private healthcare providers to leverage expertise, technology, and investment in the cardiac care sector.

– Formulate and rigorously implement comprehensive national strategies focusing on prevention, early detection, and affordable treatment.

We know that a critical missing beat in the fight against heart disease is widespread awareness and accessible medical health screening. Many Nigerians are unaware of their risk factors or the early signs of heart disease, so.

– Government, in collaboration with health organisations and media, must launch sustained, culturally sensitive public awareness campaigns. These campaigns should educate the populace on heart-healthy lifestyles, risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity), and the importance of regular check-ups.

– Implement widespread, affordable, and accessible heart health screening programmes at all healthcare centres, from PHCs to tertiary hospitals. These screenings should include blood pressure checks, cholesterol tests, blood sugar monitoring, and basic cardiac assessments. They must be accessible and affordable too.

– Promote awareness/community outreach through community health workers and local leaders to reach remote areas and encourage participation in screening and educational initiatives.

– Explore the use of mobile health technologies and telemedicine for remote consultations, health education, and follow-up, especially in underserved areas.

Non-profit organisations and international bodies working on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally play a vital role in complementing government efforts. Organisations like the World Heart Federation, NCD Alliance, Project HOPE, the World Health Organisation (WHO), and the local organisations are at the forefront of this battle. They need support and access to more funding.  Positive welcome/collaborations from the government and policymakers so as to make more impacts and be able to fund local and national organisations working within the noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).

ROHSI is saying! Let’s take action to protect our hearts and prevent cardiovascular disease. Our heart doesn’t wait. Get checked today. Eat better. Move more. Advocate for change. Together, we can ensure fewer families suffer preventable loss.

#HeartHealthForAll #ROHSI3 #HealthyHeartAfrica #NCDAction #SaveHeartsInNigeria #WorldHeartDay2025 #DontMissABeat #HeartHealth #CardiovascularDisease #Nigeria #Africa #NonCommunicableDiseases #Healthcare #Awareness #Screening #Prevention #HeartHealthMatters #Ibadan

WHAT IS CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA?

WHAT IS CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA?

 

Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the bile ducts. These ducts play a crucial role in digestion by transporting bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile is a fluid that helps the body digest fats.

Benjamin Olorunfemi

Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the bile ducts. These ducts play a crucial role in digestion by transporting bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile is a fluid that helps the body digest fats.

Cholangiocarcinoma cancer is classified based on its location:

  • Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma! Begins in the bile ducts within the liver.
  • Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma! Begins in the bile ducts outside the liver and is further divided into perihilar (at the point where the main bile ducts leave the liver) and distal (further down the bile duct).

A key challenge with this cancer is that it often doesn’t show symptoms in its early stages. By the time symptoms appear, the cancer has often spread, making it difficult to treat effectively.

Currently, there’s no strong evidence showing a major surge in cholangiocarcinoma specifically in Nigeria or among people of African descent. However, some risk factors linked to this cancer (like liver fluke infections, hepatitis B/C, and cirrhosis) are present in Nigeria, which could contribute to cases.

Symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma can be subtle and often don’t appear until the disease is advanced. They can include:

  • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes)
  • Itchy skin
  • Dark urine and pale, greasy stools
  • Unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite
  • Abdominal pain, especially on the right side under the ribs
  • Fever and fatigue

Treatment options depend on the stage and location. They can include:

  • Surgery! The primary treatment, when possible, is to remove the tumour. This may involve removing a portion of the bile duct or even part of the liver.
  • Liver Transplant! In some specific cases, a liver transplant may be a curative option, particularly for certain types of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
  • Chemotherapy! Uses drugs to kill cancer cells and can be used to slow the disease and relieve symptoms in advanced cases.
  • Radiation Therapy! Uses high-powered energy beams to destroy cancer cells.
  • Other therapies! These can include targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy, or procedures like biliary drainage to relieve symptoms caused by blockages.

Challenges in Nigeria

Survival rates for cholangiocarcinoma in Nigeria are low due to several challenges, including:

– Late diagnosis! Many cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, making treatment more difficult.

– Limited access to healthcare! Many Nigerians lack access to quality healthcare services, including cancer diagnosis and treatment.

– Lack of awareness! There is a need for increased awareness about cholangiocarcinoma and its symptoms.

– Alcohol & Aflatoxin Exposure! Heavy alcohol use and contaminated foods (like poorly stored grains) increase liver disease risk.

– Financial Barriers! The cost of diagnostics and treatment is often a major hurdle for patients. Without adequate health insurance or government support, many people simply cannot afford the care they need.

– Weak Advocacy! While cancer advocacy groups are growing in Nigeria, the movement is still in its early stages. Stronger advocacy is needed to prioritise cancer control on the national health agenda.

Ways Out (Solutions):

  • Better Awareness – Educate people on symptoms (jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss).
  • Early Screening – Regular check-ups for high-risk groups (hepatitis patients, those with liver disease).
  • Improved Sanitation – Reduce liver fluke infections with clean water and food safety.
  • Vaccination – The hepatitis B vaccine can lower liver cancer risks.
  • Access to Treatment – More cancer centres and affordable care for early detection and surgery/chemotherapy.
  • Support research: Encourage research into the causes and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma is rare but deadly, especially when caught late. Early detection saves lives. So, if someone has prolonged jaundice, unexplained weight loss, or severe itching, they should see a doctor immediately.

The ROHSI team is saying you can help in this fight against the surge of cancer-related help by:

  • Share this article and other resources about cholangiocarcinoma with your network.

– Offer emotional support and connect individuals with resources and services.

– Advocate for increased funding and resources for cholangiocarcinoma research and treatment.

Together, we can make a difference and improve the lives of those affected by cholangiocarcinoma in Nigeria. Get involved today.

Rays of Hope Support Initiative (ROHSI)

 

 

 

CERVICAL CANCER

CERVICAL CANCER

 

 

 

 

 

Cervical Cancer

Temitope Adebayo

M.Sc. Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology | Microbiologist | Research Assistant | Biotech Enthusiast

Introduction

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumour arising from the cells of the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. According to global estimates, cervical cancer caused approximately 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths in 2020 (WHO, 2022).

Recent years have seen intensified efforts toward elimination. In June 2025, global leaders convened at the second Global Cervical Cancer Elimination Forum in Bali, reaffirming commitments to the WHO’s 90-70-90 targets: 90% HPV vaccination by age 15, 70% screening by ages 35 and 45, and 90% treatment of detected cases. Early detection and prevention are crucial, as the disease is highly preventable and treatable when found in its early stages.

Anatomy and Function of the Cervix

The cervix serves as the gateway between the uterus and vagina. It plays an important role during menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth. It also produces mucus that changes consistency during the menstrual cycle to either facilitate or block sperm entry.

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV types 16 and 18, which together account for about 70% of cases (Arbyn et al., 2020). Other risk factors include early onset of sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, smoking, prolonged use of oral contraceptives, a weakened immune system (e.g., HIV infection), and a family history of cervical cancer (CDC, 2023)

Pathophysiology

HPV infects the epithelial cells of the cervix, integrating its DNA into the host genome. This disrupts normal cell cycle control, leading to the production of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, which inactivate tumour suppressor proteins p53 and Rb. Over time, infected cells may progress from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to invasive carcinoma (Bhatla & Singhal, 2020).

Signs and Symptoms

In its early stages, cervical cancer often produces no noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, common signs may include abnormal vaginal bleeding (after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause), foul-smelling vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and pain during sexual intercourse (WHO, 2022).

Screening and Diagnosis

Routine screening is critical for detecting precancerous changes. Common methods include:

  • Pap smear: Detects abnormal cervical cells.
  • HPV DNA testing: Identifies high-risk HPV strains.
  • Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA): Used in low-resource settings.

 If abnormalities are detected, colposcopy and biopsy are performed for confirmation (Koh et al., 2019).

Staging of Cervical Cancer

The FIGO (International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics) staging system classifies cervical cancer based on tumour size, spread to lymph nodes, and metastasis. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment plan (Bhatla & Singhal, 2020).

Treatment Options

  • Treatment depends on the stage:
  • Early-stage: Surgical removal (conisation, hysterectomy).
  • Locally advanced: Radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy.
  • Advanced stage: Palliative care, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy may be considered (Koh et al., 2019).

Prevention

The most effective preventive measures include:

HPV vaccination: Recommended for girls (and boys) before sexual debut, typically between ages 9 and 14.

Safe sexual practices: Limiting the number of partners and using condoms.

Regular screening: Even vaccinated women should be screened, as vaccines do not cover all HPV strains (WHO, 2022).

 Global and Regional Statistics

Cervical cancer remains a major public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia, and parts of Latin America, where screening programmes are less accessible. The WHO aims to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem by achieving 90% HPV vaccination coverage, 70% screening coverage, and 90% treatment for detected disease by 2030 (WHO, 2020).

 Challenges in Management

Barriers include limited access to vaccines, screening facilities, and cancer treatment centres in low-resource settings. Cultural beliefs, stigma, and lack of awareness also reduce participation in preventive programmes (Arbyn et al., 2020).

Conclusion

Cervical cancer is both preventable and treatable, yet it continues to claim hundreds of thousands of lives each year. Strengthening HPV vaccination programmes, ensuring regular screening, and improving access to treatment are essential steps toward elimination. Awareness and education remain powerful tools in this fight.

References

1. Arbyn, M., et al. (2020). Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis. *The Lancet Global Health*, 8(2), e191–e203.

  1. Bhatla, N., & Singhal, S. (2020). Primary management of cervical cancer: Society of Gynaecologic Oncology consensus guidelines. *Gynaecologic Oncology*, 157(3), 481–493.

3. CDC. (2023). Cervical Cancer. Retrieved from [https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical](https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical)

4. Koh, W.-J., et al. (2019). Cervical Cancer, Version 3.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. *Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network*, 17(1), 64–84.

  1. WHO. (2020). Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. World Health Organisation.

6. WHO. (2022). Cervical Cancer Fact Sheet. Retrieved from [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer] (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer)

 

 

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